Rhetorical Analysis Of The Great Debaters - 1269 Words

The Great Debaters This is a piece of history with the Harvard and Wiley college debate from the movie â€Å"The Great Debaters† with James Farmer Jr and Samantha Booke. This document takes place during the time period where discrimination had a huge effect on the lives of blacks. The purpose of this debate is to convince the audience whether or not civil disobedience is a moral weapon. Ms. Booke and Mr. Farmer believe that justice isn’t divided equally, and that civil disobedience is a moral weapon in the fight of justice. The three modes of persuasion used are ethos, pathos and logos. After the Harvard dean finished speaking, Wiley college was up next and James Farmer Jr was the first to speak. As a result, Farmer started his†¦show more content†¦He called it a moral victory.† Based on what Farmer conveys this is an example of pathos because it shows how determined they were and how they still chose domestic violence. Towards the end of Farmerâ€⠄¢s speech he finishes with another rhetorical question leading into logos, â€Å"Dyer’s lesson or Gandhi’s victory. You choose.† This is an example of logos because Farmer is letting his audience choose whether acting violently and letting innocent people die, but succeeding or acting with civil disobedience and saving all those lives who succeeding is the moral thing to do. Once the first Harvard debater concluded his part of the debate Samantha Booke was next to speak. She begins her speech employing ethos, Samantha proclaims â€Å" Gandhi believes one must always act with love and respect for ones opponents -- even if they are harvard debaters.† Samantha describes how important it is to display love and respect even if they are your enemies and explains some things the trusted and famous protester believed in. Booke also creates an ethical response using repetition when she says â€Å"Gandhi also believes that law breakers must accept the legal conse quences for their actions.† Leading into this quote Samantha applies a rhetorical question, â€Å"Does that sound like anarchy?† Samantha uses this rhetorical question to make the audience question themselves about their absence of authority. Samantha commences her second part of her speech by stating four powerful sentences utilizingShow MoreRelatedCommunication Is A Vital Weapon Of American Politics1757 Words   |  8 PagesCampaign in 1964, he changed the way that American campaign speeches would be given forever. According to critics, his performance is â€Å"the most effective† of its kind, prompting comparisons to William Jennings Bryan as a great American speaker and earning him the title of â€Å"The Great Communicator.† Despite the wide acclaim, the speech did not work as Goldwater lost the election by a cavernous margin. So, why was his speech considered a success if the candidate it was supposed to bolster did not evenRead MoreDeveloping Manage ment Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial CharacteristicsRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagessuggest changes to the text, the author would appreciate your writing to him at dowden@csus.edu. iv Praise Comments on the earlier 1993 edition, published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, which is owned by Cengage Learning: There is a great deal of coherence. The chapters build on one another. The organization is sound and the author does a superior job of presenting the structure of arguments. David M. Adams, California State Polytechnic University These examples work quite

Obama s Campaign On Economic Policy Essay - 1887 Words

The 1988 presidential election saw Republican George H.W Bush victorious against Democrat Michael Dukakis. America had just experienced eight years of relative economic prosperity under Republican President Ronald Reagan; Bush used this prosperity to boost his campaign. The 2016 presidential election, however, is considerably different. The Republican candidate Donald Trump has no incumbent Republican president with which to boost his campaign as Bush did; instead, Trump is campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who is backed by a Democratic party which has won the last two elections. The advertisements by Bush’s and Trump’s campaigns show the stark differences in how Republican voters feel about the state of the country. These differences are most clearly manifested in Trump’s â€Å"Two America s: Economy† advertisement when compared to Bush’s ad on economics. Analysis of these commercials on economic policy shows that perhaps the most significant di fference between Bush’s and Trump’s campaigns is that Bush’s core message appeals to optimism and logic, while Trump’s appeals to fear and lacks strong logic. These different strategies bring to light how the Republican party’s base has changed over the two elections. The first, striking difference between the two commercials is Bush’s optimism compared to Trump’s pessimism and fear. The contrast is immediate, and can be seen before even the first words. Where Bush’s commercial depicts a sunny day with a boy and a barber at a barberShow MoreRelatedBarack Obama s President Of The United States1504 Words   |  7 Pagesaccomplished. When a promise is made by a person and it is kept, they are seen as reliable or able to be counted on in the future. If the promise is broken, the person is seen as â€Å"untrustworthy.† Candidates are known for making promises during their campaign election to the public in order to win. For a candidate to win, he or she assures the public they will do a particular thing or make a change if they are elected. Many voters have trust issues because the candidate who wins the election often tendsRead MoreBarack Obama s President Of The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesBarack Obama is the 44th president of the United States. He won presidency in 2008 while running against John McCain, then won re-election in 2012 while running against Mitt Romney. In this paper, I will be arguing his achievements and disappointments in his foreign and domestic policies, as well as what campaign promises he has kept or broken while president of the United States. Obama s foreign policy has been the policy of the United States since his administration was inaugurated into officeRead MoreBarack Obama s Accomplishments And Challenges Essay1718 Words   |  7 PagesPresident Barack Obama is seen as one of the most controversial presidents in the recent U.S. history. This paper will examine Obama s legacy by introducing his background prior to the white House; analyze Obama’s major accomplishments and challenges in the past 8 years. As well as examines the internal opposition force from the other branches of the government Obama faced when conducting domestic policy. Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a white mother from Kansas, StanleyRead MoreHealth Care Reform1432 Words   |  6 Pagesthe coverage that should be part of any comprehensive national healthcare solution. During his campaign, President Obama argued for health care reform by saying that health care is a right. Steinhauer, J. (2008, October 8). Road to November: Where he first got going, cheering Obama on. The New York Times, p. A18.  The framework for reforming health care that President Obama outlined during his campaign includes three primary elements: providing affordable health insurance for all Americans, loweringRead MoreMidterm Essay : Donald John Trump Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesMoneer Imperial Presidents Midterm Essay Donald John Trump. Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton. Two very distinct, ideologically diverse individuals. Both in the running to become the next President of the United States. The current president, Barack Obama, has served as a dramatic foil to his own predecessor George W Bush. But if elected, how will Clinton or Trump run the office? Political scientist Stephen Skowronek assesses the history and actions of the presidency in his book The Politics PresidentsRead MoreThe Election Of Barack Obama As President Of The United1250 Words   |  5 PagesThe election of Barack Obama as President of the United States is a defining moment in American history. After age of failed policies and failed politics from Washington, this is our chance to reclaim the American dream. Barack Obama has turned out to be a new kind of leader–one who can bring people together, be honest about the challenges we face, and move this nation forward. In that location were several unique aspects of the 2008 election. Why? Because the election was the maiden in which anRead MoreIs The Cold War Really Over?1430 Words   |  6 Pagesintervention in Ukraine, and ISIS emergence in Iraq and Syria. The United States declared war on the Al-Qaeda, a terrorist organization who was involved in the 9/11 attacks. The country also listed the leaders of the group to be terminated on their campaign to end terrorism, including Osama bin Laden, founder and head of the Al-Qaeda, who was recently killed in May 2, 2011 during an operation carried out by Navy SEAL Team Six. However, it is realistically impossible to eradicate terrorism due to theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of President Obama s Speech1407 Words   |  6 PagesIn his 2009 Inaugural Address, President Barack Obama gave an impassioned speech filled with extended metaphors along the lines of movement, travel, and a journey. In fact, much of his economic language throughout the first 100 days of his presidency followed this theme. Obama’s use of these metaphors served to characterize the economic crisis, unite the American people, and frame his perspective on the role of the presidency. Thus, through analysis of his rheto ric, we learn that metaphors reallyRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of expanding its national interests over the national boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S. intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy witnessed a tremendous economic growth, nearly elimination ofRead MoreTennessee Chief Justice Of The United States1511 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican society was his domestic policies and legislation on controversial issues such as civil rights, Social Security, and gun control. Ronald Reagan was an actor, governor, and President of the United States. He acted as the 33rd Governor of California and before that was a Hollywood actor and union leader. As president, Reagan changed the political spectrum. Reagan is known for his economic policies (supply-side), now known as ‘Reaganomics’. This new policy called for lower tax rates, regulation

Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated Free Essays

Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated with the classification and diagnosis of phobic disorders. ( 8+16) A phobia Is an irrational fear which Interferes with daily life. For a phobia to be diagnosed It must meet the criterion set by the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. We will write a custom essay sample on Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated or any similar topic only for you Order Now Reliability and validity are two Important factors when considering classification of mental disorders; they must be present for an accurate classification to be made. Rellablllty and valldlty are linked because a diagnosis that Is not reliable Is not valid. Rellablllty refers to the consistency, such as questionnaires or scales to assess how fearful a person Is about something. Reliability of questionnaires or scales can be measured In terms of whether the test items are consistent, which Is called test-retest reliability. Another way of assessing reliability is whether two independent assessors give similar scores, which is called interrater reliability. Test re-test refers to how consistent results are when the specific interview/questionnaire is repeated. Brown et al (2001) conducted study which involved interviewing 1400 patients twice, the second interview occurred within 2 weeks of the first one. The interviews were based on criteria for various disorders in DSM -IV. Brown found that reliability in inter-rater agreement was excellent for specific phobia, social phobia and panic disorder wit agoraphobia. Reliability could have been higher for the various phobias than for other mental disorders because all phobias are associated with clear behavioural symptoms (avoidance of feared stimulus) which makes them easy to diagnose. This suggests hat diagnosis of phobic disorders according to the DSM is reliable however largely because phobic disorders are easy to diagnose . Brown et al also examined factors associated with disagreement between 2 interviewers. He found that inter-rater unreliability was caused by interviewers disagreeing whether the fear was causing sufficient distress/interference to a person’s life to warrant a phobia diagnosis. It was also caused by patient’s reports of symptoms changing between interviews which could have been genuine. Another cause of difference between the two interviewers as that they made errors, as the same symptoms were presented to interviewers however different diagnosis given however this could be because they missed Important information. Skyre et al (1991) also found high Inter-rater reliability, 3 cllnlclans assessed 54 patients using SCID-I. He found +72 Inter-rater agreement which shows that phobia diagnosis Is reliable. Diagnosis of phobic disorders ld also reliable as Hiller et al (1990) found satisfactory – excellent diagnostic agreement In a test- retest study using MDC. Valldlty Is the extent to which a classification system easures what It claims to measure. We can assess the valldlty associated with phobic disorders by looking at content valldlty. Content validity means how much the diagnostic system addresses all of the symptoms In a given disorder. Seml structured interviews have high content validity because they were made to the classification system is vaild is to look at criterion validity. This looks into if individual receiving a diagnosis e. g. social phobia are any different to the people who have not been given the diagnosis in predictable way . How to cite Discuss issues of reliability and validity associated, Papers

Motivation in Apollo 13 Essay Example For Students

Motivation in Apollo 13 Essay In contemporary organizations, motivation is a very hot issue. Not only in a large corporation but also in a team or a group, how to motivate teammates has already become the most important theme. As Westwood (1992) said, motivation can be defined as â€Å"an internal state giving rise to a desire or pressure to act†. However, in the field of management, there are a large numbers of motivation theories. Therefore, this essay will investigate three types of motivation theories from a film-Apollo 13 (1995). It will provide some useful insights into how it might feel to work or manage in an organization. Analysis The first section of the film shows us Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs theory. At the beginning of the film, one of the astronauts Ken felt he hadn’t controlled the machine expertly when he practiced with his partner what might increase the risk of safety. Therefore, in order to decline the risk when him drives the spacecraft in the outer space, him pushed himself to spend more time on practicing. Like Judge et al. ’s (2002) meta-analysis, which demonstrated an average correlation of 0. 26 between conscientiousness and job satisfaction. In the analysis, the teammates pay more attention on the details or individual’s high in conscientiousness. In this issue, because of the high risk in outer space, it motivated Ken to promote his own skills of controlling. Therefore, they were still in the second level of Maslow’s theory. More positive practices could increase the survival probability in the solar system. Only after they completed the safety level, they will seek for the higher demand. To sum up, in this part, Ken motivated himself according to Maslow’s theory. Increasing the level of safety impel him do more exercises on flowing the space shuttle. The next section of the film embodies the goal-setting theory what could also motivate the group members. In the film, the doctor who works for NASA said Ken might get the measles in the space. Therefore, the organization changed him into another person Jack what give Ken a huge attack. However, when NASA need him to imitate a plan what might save the astronauts who were in trouble in the outer space. He set a clear goal to motivate himself completed the mission. According to this section, to the extent, Ken might be a person who has the sense of responsibility. Staw et al. 1986) argued that individual disposition may have a profound influence over how the working world is perceived, and this is also to affect the type of jobs that are sought to a large extent. In another word, that means the person knows what is important to individual. They had a specific target. Therefore, this goal will motivate the group members to achieve the success. Moreover, it is also another feature about self-actualization needs. Furnham (1997) speculated that extraverts might be highly motivated by intrinsic factors such as recognition and positive feedback. Overall, a clear goal could motivate the group members to achieve success faster than usual. It will also give them a stage to be self-actualization. The last section of the film is that the leader of the NASA Gene, he is always very confident and decisive. He transfers the positive energy to his subordinates. It illustrates the affects from managers. As Amabile(1998) said, they provide an ideal lever for performance management and control practices to foster firm performance in knowledge-intensive firms. Practitioners thus may want to think particularly carefully through the pros and cons before implementing changes to their organization control system. Therefore, as a leader he must set himself as an example to his subordinates. He should encourage people to complete their own job. In another word, managers should know the individuals’ needs, and define the outcomes available from the group. Finally, he should also ensure that each individual has the ability and support needed to attain outcomes. Make a short summarize, leaders are like a soul of a team or an organization. .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .postImageUrl , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:hover , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:visited , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:active { border:0!important; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:active , .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud3ff3905d05de44277fe1f29892024de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Movie Summary - Dogville by Lars von Trier EssayHe could encourage the subordinates to achieve their own goals. He could also give the other team members confidence on their job. In the film, Gene acted as a leader perfectly. When the NASA was in a big trouble, he didn’t swap his teammates. On the contrary, he knew everything of his mates, and push them to conquer the issue save the astronauts lives. Discussion and Conclusion According to the three sections from the movie what I have mentioned in the first half of the essay. It is obviously that motivation is an indispensable part of management. In an organization or a group, motivation could cause the work efficien tly. Especially when the group members feel that they will be in danger if they do not complete the case well. Therefore, due to be safe, they will motivate themselves to work very hard. This feature is very clear in the first section when Ken felt he hadn’t controlled the spaceship expertly, he was on his own initiative that practiced more and more times before they fly to the outer space. In this part, the group members’ need is only safe. On the other word, they are not aware of other things. However, after they achieved this goal. They will seek for the further destination. It is Maslow’s Hierarchy needs theory that I had demonstrated before. In addition, the second section shows us another motivation theory-goal-setting theory. In this theory, group members they do not only concern about safe. Moreover, most of these people think some easy jobs cannot bring happiness. They need some appropriate jobs what are full of challenge to realize themself value. In this movie, though Ken didn’t want to be in the terrible situation, he was pushed to be in the trouble. However, he still burdened the pressure. And he set a goal for himself-imitating a plan what can save the astronauts’ life. From this part, the group members they look forward further about their job. Safety and some other needs cannot motivate them to accept and complete the work. Therefore, for these people, most of them are seeking for something new and full of challenge. To a large extent, it is similar to the most advanced level of Maslow’s Hierarchy theory. In this level, group members are seeking for self-actualization needs. They do not care about the safety, social and esteem needs any more. Only self-actualization needs could motivate them to finish their own job. Finally, the leader plays as a significant role in organizations or groups. A positive lead could motivate the subordinates. For example, in this movie, NASA has an extraordinary leader Gene. When the space shuttle was exploded in the outer space, he was not flustered. He was very confident and gave his subordinates courage to work out the problem. From this case, it is explicitly that an eligible manager could improve the work passion. Therefore, the effect of leaders’ emotions on their teams’ performance depends on the teams’ general level of epistemic motivation-that is, the extent to which team members desire to develop and maintain a rich and accurate understanding of situations (Kruglanski, 1989). To sum up, in the current organizations and corporations, the managers are also irreplaceable and they will lead the teammates achieve the goal. Implications for Managers Via the movie, it is a representative example for motivation. In an organization, there are many sorts of teammates. Therefore, how to integrate all these people together for one goal is the basic issue for all managers. As a successful leader, he should distinguish from the different types of the subordinates. Then, he can use different policies to motivate the teammates. It will be more efficiency to achieve the team goal. Additionally, team leaders are always the soul of a team. He should burden more responsibilities than the others members. Especially when the team is in trouble. In the trouble, most of people will feel more stress than usual. They might also be swapped by some external factors. Therefore, leaders should give the subordinates courage and clam them down to a large extent. As a conclusion, some appropriate controls from leaders are definitely necessary in an organization. .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .postImageUrl , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:hover , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:visited , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:active { border:0!important; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:active , .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975 .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ff469492558b2932c869cb3a100a975:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Film Marketing In Australia EssayBibliography: Amabile, T. M. (1998), How to kill creativity, Harvard Business Review, 76, September-October, pp. 77–87. Furnham, A. (1997), The Psychology of Behaviour at Work, 1st ed., Psychology Press, London. Judge, T.A., Heller, D. Mount, M.K. (2002), â€Å"Five-factor model of personality and job satisfaction: a meta-analysis†, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, pp. 530-41. Kruglanski, A. W. (1989), Lay epistemics and human knowledge: Cognitive and motivational bases. New York: Plenum. Staw, B.M., Bell, N.E. Clausen, J.A. (1986), â€Å"The dispositional approach to job attitudes: a lifetime longitudinal test†, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 31, pp. 56-77. Westwood, R. (1992), Organizational Behaviour: South East Asian Perspective, Longman, Hong Kong. pp222.

What Are the Characteristics of a Good Manager Essay Example

What Are the Characteristics of a Good Manager? Essay What are the characteristics of a good manager? By Carolien Toor Introduction Over the years I have worked in many various businesses; large as well as small, from stressful to peaceful environments and during good times as well as bad times. What I learned, through my experience from the various firms I worked for was the role the manager had in the workplace and how it affected me as an employee. When set this task I started to reflect how my past managers acted and how they got me motivated. Some managers succeeded and stayed focused even under difficult circumstances, while others made the workplace a difficult and confusing environment to work in. Why did some manager succeed far better than others when it came to motivation, organising and being a good manager even under bad times? What characteristics had the successful managers, which the others ones lacked? This is what I found when determining what are the characteristics of a good manager. Characteristics develops from the company’s context What makes an effective and good manager? According to Cheryl L. Harris, â€Å"understanding the context of the organization is extremely vital to determining the characteristics of a successful manager†1 (pg 1) and that should correspond to what kind of characteristics a manager ought to have to organize and develop goals and strategies for the company. I agree that Harris have a point that before choosing a manager we must consider the appearance of the company and aspects of management styles. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Characteristics of a Good Manager? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Characteristics of a Good Manager? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Characteristics of a Good Manager? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Imagine if a manager, taking over Steve Jobs role as CEO of Apple, would introduce strict management style, new black suit dress code to the company. He’s characteristics would possible not fit to Apple’s ‘laid back’ culture. Also mentioned by Buckingham and Coffman2 â€Å"an employee’s perception of the physical environment is colored by his relationship with his manager and it is the manager’s task to build the company culture around the blueprint† (pg 4). This conclusion was drawn when investigating, in a large survey, mployee’s satisfaction, productivity and profitability at work in reflection to their manager. Managers, who communicated with the employees in crystal clear language and gave recognition for their work, were managers who had abilities to retain talented employees and built a strong workplace. Kathryn Vercillo3 lists self-motivation number one of the most vital characteristics, as a manager needs to understand t he basic goals of the business and develop own strategies to achieve these goals. I consider that managers who can recognise their own strengths and weaknesses and progress and develop these as well as ideas and strategies are managers who are very credible to develop colleagues and expand the business, since they see every opportunity to grow and learn. Crises- when strong characteristics appears and managers gets put to the test â€Å"In a crisis it’s far easier for the company to emerge intact if the CEO makes sure that all the employees know there is a crisis, what the management is doing about it, and what everyone must do to help. Louis V. Gerstner former CEO of IBM about clear and honest communication. (Who says elephants can’t dance, 2002, pg 285) There is a saying that when a man faces a crisis his true personality emerges. The impact of stress and uncertainty can make us act and think different than we normally do. Should not then the most significant features of what makes a good manager be most obvious and have the most importance on ho w to cope and handle a crisis? In the book Who says elephants can’t dance4 written by Louis V. Gerstner (2002), former CEO of the global IT service and product company IBM, tells us the story how he manage to save IBM from closure and make one of the most remarkable turn-around in business history. In 1993 IBM was a technical product company, selling computers but lost their relationship with customer, since the market kept changing and the company did not react. So when there is a crisis, it’s the manager’s job to inform the employees that there is a crisis and communicate how to end it with new strategies, new company model and culture. Gerstner described having that key characteristics such as flexible, excellent customers service and relations, outstanding leadership and communication skills and understanding in the company’s culture are vital qualities to move the company quick and fast in comparison to competitors, to motivate employees and create a strong relationship between customers and shareholders. Not only did Gerstner emphasized that the culture plays a necessary part to analyze how things get done in the company, but having the ability to see what was wrong with the culture and manage to adapt a new management style and culture in the company since 1970. As a successful manager, Gerstner managed turn IBM around (from having losses over $8. 1 billion 1993, till a profit of $ 7. 7 billion in 2003) thanks for outstanding leadership skills and being passionate about winning and push the colleagues not only to win but encouraging change. And I can only agree with Gerstner: â€Å"we love to work for winners and be a part of winning† (pg 238). Conclusion Looking back at the managers I have come across in my past jobs, the characteristics that good managers had that was highly appreciated by colleagues was having a manager who could guide, motivate, communicate, competitive, self-motivated and understanding the organisational context. Louis V Gerstner had some of the world’s most intelligent staff, knowledgably in all areas of their subject but without knowing the direction and vision of the company; the employees had no sense of motivation or vision on how to carry out their jobs. I believe one of the key ability of a good manager is being a team player and when a company faces hard times in the business one must work as a team, speaking the same language and being visible to your employees. As a conclusion of what characteristics makes a good manager I believe the workplace decides what characteristics a manager needs to have, and customers and the marketplace should decide what decisions a manger should take and how to develop its business. Bibliography Internet sources 1Cheryl L. Harris, Characteristics Of Effective Managers- Managerial Characteristics http://www. yramidodi. com/papers/managers. pdf 2010-10-23 2Marcus Buckingham and Curt Coffman, First, Break All The Rules. What The World’s Greatest Managers Do Differently (Simon Schuster, May 1999) http://www. itcoaches. org/pdf/First%20Break%20All%20The%20Rules. pdf 2010-10-22 3Kathryn Vercillo, 10 Good Traits And Characteristics Of A Successful Manager http://www. hubpages. com/hub/10-Traits-of-a-Successful-Manager 2010-11-03 Books 4â€Å"Who says elephants can’t dance† Louis V Gerstner, HarperCollins Publisher, 2002

Free Essays on Sputnik

Sputnik It was that blasted â€Å"beep, beep, beep† every 90 minutes reminding the United States, â€Å"Rah, we beat you!† History changed on October 4th 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik. The Russian’s launched the first artificial satellite from the Baikonur cosmodrone in Kazakhstan which demonstrated the technological superiority of Communism, actually more of a propaganda pain for the United States. The Sputnik launch occurred back in the days when the Americans and the Russians regarded each other as enemies, also known as the â€Å"cold war.† They built massive armies, navies, and air forces and were prepared to engage in global war at a moments notice. American military manuals regarded the Russians as â€Å"The Threat,† and the Soviet Government went as far as training non-military to use small guns to prepare for an invasion from â€Å"The Imperialists.† Sputnik had an elliptical orbit, ranging in altitude from 140 to 590 miles. Sputnik broadcast a steady signal of beeps from two radios for 21 days. It burned up in the earth’s atmosphere upon reentry, 92 days later, on January 4, 1958. It was designed to determine the density of the upper atmosphere and return data about the earth’s ionosphere. Those who did track it gained valuable information about the density of the upper atmosphere. The sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world’s attention and the American public off guard. The public feared that the Soviets’ ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. The United States was shocked. Senator Lyndon Johnson said the Russians have was ahead of us in the conquest of space. A line from a movie that dramatized the emotional impact of the launch said, â€Å"Soon, they will be dropping bombs on us from space like kids dropping rocks o... Free Essays on Sputnik Free Essays on Sputnik Sputnik It was that blasted â€Å"beep, beep, beep† every 90 minutes reminding the United States, â€Å"Rah, we beat you!† History changed on October 4th 1957, when the Soviet Union successfully launched Sputnik. The Russian’s launched the first artificial satellite from the Baikonur cosmodrone in Kazakhstan which demonstrated the technological superiority of Communism, actually more of a propaganda pain for the United States. The Sputnik launch occurred back in the days when the Americans and the Russians regarded each other as enemies, also known as the â€Å"cold war.† They built massive armies, navies, and air forces and were prepared to engage in global war at a moments notice. American military manuals regarded the Russians as â€Å"The Threat,† and the Soviet Government went as far as training non-military to use small guns to prepare for an invasion from â€Å"The Imperialists.† Sputnik had an elliptical orbit, ranging in altitude from 140 to 590 miles. Sputnik broadcast a steady signal of beeps from two radios for 21 days. It burned up in the earth’s atmosphere upon reentry, 92 days later, on January 4, 1958. It was designed to determine the density of the upper atmosphere and return data about the earth’s ionosphere. Those who did track it gained valuable information about the density of the upper atmosphere. The sputnik launch changed everything. As a technical achievement, Sputnik caught the world’s attention and the American public off guard. The public feared that the Soviets’ ability to launch satellites also translated into the capability to launch ballistic missiles that could carry nuclear weapons from Europe to the U.S. The United States was shocked. Senator Lyndon Johnson said the Russians have was ahead of us in the conquest of space. A line from a movie that dramatized the emotional impact of the launch said, â€Å"Soon, they will be dropping bombs on us from space like kids dropping rocks o...

Early Patient Contact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Early Patient Contact - Essay Example The Family Case Study will give you the opportunity to work both independently and within a small group. You will establish a professional relationship with your assigned family, allowing you to obtain demographic, social, and health and development information, and to observe human behavior and family dynamics. The Health Care Symposia will take place on designated days during the semester. You will have the opportunity to hear, discuss and reflect on the experiences of patients and family members who have experienced and coped with a disease, disability or addiction. Your class will be divided into groups of approximately seven to eight students. Each group will be assigned to a family physician tutor. Each group will consist of two to three groups of students, and your smaller group will be assigned to a family to visit There will be a group leader for each group of nine students, and this student will have responsibility for liaising with the family physician and arranging a suitable tutorial time. IT IS IMPORTANT THAT ONLY ONE STUDENT, THE GROUP LEADER, MAKES CONTACT WITH THE FAMILY PHYSICIAN. It is then the responsibility of each student in the group of nine to make contact with the group leader and to clarify specific arrangements which have been made with the family physician for the tutorial. Similarly, each subgroup of students will have a designated group leader, who will make contact with the family, and the other members of this small group should clarify (with that student) what visiting arrangements have been made. Your first visit will be to the expectant mother/ family and your second visit should take place in the postnatal period. Both visits will be preceded by a tutorial with your family physician tutor (in your group of nine) and clear aims/ objectives can be discussed at these tutorials.

Business Plan (3Gen Informatics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Business Plan (3Gen Informatics) - Essay Example A business plan is often considered to be a crucial step for an entrepreneur intending to inaugurate new business venture or expand business unit to a newly located marketplace. The plan generally assists an entrepreneur towards performing various operations resulting in attaining superior competitive position in the respective industry. With this concern, this paper intends to prepare a realistic along with a practical business plan for the proposed business venture relating to computer sales and service. In order to increase the viability of the business plan concerning the above depicted business venture, the business plan s would encompass various aspects associated with the type of business. In this similar context, the plan would clearly depict the business including its offerings, sales and marketing strategies, information of management groups and their roles amid other relevant factors. Brief Overview of the Venture 3Gen Informatics is a proposed business organization which would deal with the business of computer sales and service. ... inclusive collection of selling computer systems including hardware, software and network trouble shooting for small, medium and large business industries. The services of the organization will be focused on designing and installing network systems, computer hardware along with software supports and training programs. The objective of 3Gen Informatics would be to provide individuals with wide range of services consisting of providing solutions to network problems, hardware and software upgrades, repairing hardware and many more. Thus, the initial investment will be less as the company will focus on services more rather than selling hardware components. Additionally, the company would also recruit five new members in order to accomplish its different computer sale and service related functions. Choice of Sources of Funds for Your Business with Justification Preparing an effective and valid financial plan can be duly considered as one of the major aspects for entrepreneurs to develop a n effective business plan. The financial forecast of the business plan would typically involve various major outlines of identifying different costs that are required to start and operate the overall process of the organization. An effective and authentic financial plan for a business involves various attributes such as balance sheet, cash flow and profit statement which aids in accomplishing feasible and profitable outcome from the business operations (Byrne, n.d.). In this regard, the initial investment for starting up a business would require greater initiatives from the owners or the partners. In relation to the proposed business venture, a projection of US$ 100,000 can be made in order to start up the venture including all required expenses. In this regard, a sum of US$ 60,000 would

Case analise Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analise - Case Study Example However, the presence of a larger company developed to cater to the same market – You Bar – presented a challenge as the company was still in a stage of infancy (Shein, 2011). Another huge issue is the nature of the business which operates in the food sector rather than being a technological startup which comparatively attracts more investment. The company which caters to the organic market possesses a great potential for growth. The market segment catering to health conscious consumers of food is untapped and offering organic foods will help the company develop a hold. Hence, the company has a great potential for growth as consumer preferences have affirmed the need for having organic food products in the market, especially organic energy bars. The best possible way for Miller to achieve financing is to convince venture capitalists of the value of the company. Asking a bank for a loan without material assets will not be good option. However, Miller could use his persuasive presentation skills in order to convince venture capitalists to invest in the company. Additionally, Miller could have the startup entered into an accelerator that could give capital in return for a certain percentage of equity. In this way, the business could also get mentorship to enhance the business that could help the business grow. The valuation of Element Bars is indeed a difficult task due to the lack of any company owned equipment. The fact that the company uses ovens from a wedding baker and does not won its own equipment makes the calculation difficult (Shein, 2011). Also, the fact that the company is not a technological startup and an fact a business dealing in tangible food products necessitates the presence of a sizeable inventory or some equipments that are required during production. I would therefore estimate the net worth of all the production inputs and additional effort by the founders involved. As such its net worth should be

Elements Of Promotional Mix

Elements Of Promotional Mix The term mix implies that a companys promotion strategy is focused on more than one element, so the challenge is to integrate these different communication tools in an effective way. Following are different elements: Advertising: Any paid form of non-personal communication of ideas or products in the prim media, i.e. television, the press, posters, cinema, and radio. it possesses strengths and limitations , and should be combined with other promotional tools to form an integrated marketing communications campaign. Media vehicles: Television: Presence in room with set switched on at turn of clock minute to relevant channel, provided that presence in room with set on is for at least 15 consecutive seconds Press: Read or looked at any issue (for at least two minutes) within the publication period (for example, for weeklies, within the last seven days) Posters: traffic past site (including pedestrians) Cinema: Actual cinema admissions Key characteristics: Good for awareness building because it can reach a wide audience quickly. repetition means that a brand positioning concept can be communicated effectively Can be used to aid the sales effort, to legitimize a company and its products The top five advertisers in UK Procter and Gamble COI Communications (UK Govt) Unilever LOreal Golden BT Source: European Marketing Pocket Book2006, Henley-on-Thomas, World Advertising Research canter Ltd. Personal Selling: Personal Selling occurs when the company representative interacts directly with a consumer or prospective consumer to communicate about the good or service. This form of promotion is a far more intimate way to talk to the market. Many organisations relay heavy on personal selling because at times the personal touch can carry more weight than mass media material. In a business-to-business market situations such as at sash UK participating in international trade shows provides an example for sales people at sash o demonstrate their goods, provide a personal touch, and begin to develop crucial relationships with clients. Also, many industrial products and services are too complex or expensive to market effectively in impersonal ways (such as through mass advertising) Another advantage of personal selling is that salespeople are firms eyes and ears in the market place. They learn which competitors are talking to customers, what is being offered, what new rival products are on the way and all sorts of competitors intelligence. Salespeople perform a vital role in the success of firms consumer relationship management system- providing a source of timely and accurate informational input about customers and market. Personal selling has much importance for students because many graduate jobs with marketing background will enter professional sales jobs. The old business adage nothing happens until something is sold translates into many firms placing quite a bit of emphasis on personal selling. Key characteristics: Interactive questions can be answered and objectives overcome Adaptable: presentations can be changed depending upon consumer needs Complex arguments can be developed Relationships can be built because of its personal nature Direct Marketing: Direct Marketing refers to any direct communication to a customer or business recipient that is designed to generate response in the form of an order, and/or a visit to a shop or other place of business for purchase of product. Direct marketing covers a wide array of methods including: Direct mail: Direct mail is sent through the postal service to the recipients house or business address with the purpose of promoting the product and or maintaining ongoing relationships. Direct mail at its best allows close targeting of individuals in a way not possible using mass advertising media. For example, Heinz employs direct mail to target its customers and prospects. Telemarketing: Telemarketing is a marketing communication system where trained specialists use telecommunications and information technologies to conduct marketing and sales activities. For example callers by using their credit cards may book theatre tickets or sports tickets or purchase products online. Catalogue Marketing: Catalogue marketing is the sale of products through catalogues distributed to agents and customers, usually by mail or at stores if the catalogue marketer is the store owner. Catalogue marketing is popular in Europe, with such organisations as Otto Versand and Quelle Schikedanz (Germany), GUS and Next Directory (UK). Key characteristics: Individual targeting of customers most likely to respond to an appeal Communication can be personalized Short term effectiveness can be easily measured A continuous relationship through periodic contact can be built Activities are less visible to competitors Internet promotion: The web gives the marketers to reach customers in a new and exciting way. The promotion of product pr s to consumers and business through electronic media. Online advertising has grown in European Union to â‚ ¬6.8 billion in 2007, having substantially increasing in later years. Specific forms of internet advertising include banners, buttons; pop up ads, search engines and directories and e-mails. Banners: These rectangular graphics at the top or bottom of web pages were the first form of web advertising. Although the effectiveness of banners remains in question (banners now receive less than one percent click -through rate), they still remain most popular form of web-advertising. Buttons: These are small banner type advertisements that a company can place anywhere on a page. Early in the life of the internet, buttons encouraging suffers to Download Netscape Now became a standard on many websites were responsible for much of Netscape early success. Search Engine and Directory Listings: Just as the yellow pages and other directories of advertising media, so too are search engines and other online directory listings. Increasingly, firms are paying search engines for more visible or higher placement on result lists. Pop up Ads: A pop up ad is an advertisement that appears on a screen while a web page is being loaded or after it is loaded. Because the pop up ad will take the centre of the screen while surfers are waiting ti desired page to load, they are difficult to ignore. Because surfers find pop ups nuisance, most internet access software provides an option that blocks all the pop ups. A pop up ad opens in separate browser window. Web advertisers are typically charged only if people actually click through to the ad. E- mail: For advertising, E-mail is becoming as persuasive as radio and television. It is one of the easiest way of communication with customers because marketers can send unsolicited e-mail advertising messages to thousands of users y spamming- sending unsolicited e-mail to five or more people not personally known to sender. Key characteristics: Global reach at the relatively low cost The number of site visits can be measured A dialogue between companies and their consumers and suppliers can be established Convenient form of searching and buying products. Direct sales possible Sales Promotion: Sales Promotion as marketing activities usually specific to a time period, place, or customer group which encourage a direct response from consumers or marketing intermediaries, through the offer of additional benefits. Media and non media communication are employed for a predetermined to increase consumer demand and improve product availability. Types of sales promotions: Non-Standard: Promotions are usually temporary, and may be limited to certain customer groups (such as airline frequent flyer schemes) or specific to a particular distribution channel (as in tailor-made promotions involving a producer and a single retailer. Response Oriented: Promotions seek a direct response from customers, or those who deal with customers on the producers behalf. The direct response sought is not necessarily for a sale. Promotions may encourage customers to send for a brochure, visit a dealer or consume a sample. The ultimate aim is always sales, but this is true of all marketing activity. Benefit Oriented: Promotions offer their targets, additional benefits, beyond the standard marketing mix. The enhanced nix could include extra product, a reduced price or an added item, service or opportunity. Key characteristics: incentives provide quick boost to sales Effects may be only short term Product trial often twinned with a competition Gift Coupons helps to encourage repeat purchases Suitable if push strategy is used Suitable if the product is Expensive Public Relations: Public Relations are the communication function that seeks to build good relationships with an organisations public. These include consumers, stockholders, legislators and other shareholders in the organization. Today marketers use public relations activities to influence the attitudes and perceptions of various groups not only towards companies and brands but also towards politicians, celebrities, and -not-for profit organisations. Public Relation is crucial to an organisations ability to establish and maintain a favourable image. The communication of a product or business by placing information about it in the media without paying for the time or space directly. For example, marketers create and manage publicity; unpaid communication about an organisation that gets media exposure. This strategy helps to create awareness about a product or event, as when a local newspaper reporting on an forthcoming concert feature, an interview with the bands lead guitarist around the time that the tickets go on sale. Some of the Public Relations channels are Newspapers and magazines articles/reports, charitable contributions, press releases, seminars etc. High credible as message comes from a third party Higher readerships than advertisements in trade and technical publications PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY DECISIONS Practising managers faced by a mix of five tactical choices Target: Prudent marketing managers will make sure that their choices are indeed based on carefully considered target audience analysis, drawing as appropriative on the advice of the professional consultancies that have proliferated in all the subdisciples over the last decade. Message: A less obvious tactical consideration is the nature of the promotional message. A simple, brash statement might lend itself to poster advertising, perhaps, while a complex persuasive argument could be accomplished by highly personalised and carefully targeted direct mail shot. Cost: The cost of available promotional option is clearly a key criterion of choice. The facts are easily accessible in practice but no complex and susceptible to change overtime that it would be rash to attempt even a summary here. Measurement: equally clearly prudent managers will be concerned with the scope for the measurement of effectiveness. Ex: Advertising through there is ample scope for debate as to their real worth among experts. Control: The final key factor in deployment describes is the degree of control, the user can exert over the outcome of the initiative. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS Integrated marketing communication (IMC) is the process that marketers used to plan, develop, execute and evaluate coordinated, measurable, persuasive brand communication programmes over time about the organisation and its products to targeted audiences. The objective is to position products and organizations clearly and distinctively in the market place. Integrated marketing communications facilitates the process by which this is achieved by sending out consistent messages through all the components of the promotional mix, so that they reinforce one another. As the array of communication media expands there is greater need to coordinate the messages and their execution. This has led to the adoption of integrated marketing communications; by an increasing number of companies. For Example, it means that we site visuals are consistent with the images portrayed in advertising and that the messages conveyed in a directing campaign are in the with those developed by the public relations d epartment. DEVELOPING INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN Step 1: Identify Target Audiences Step 2: Establish Communication objectives Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communication budget Step 1: To determine who the target market is. Here good customer database is most important. By maintaining the customer database marketers know who their target market as well as the buying behaviour of different segment within the total market. Step 2: To establish communication objectives. The whole point of communicating with customers and prospective customers is to let them know that the organisation has a product to meet their needs in a timely and affordable way. Step 3: Determine and Allocate the marketing communications budget seems to be easy in reality its not that simple. It includes three steps: Determining and allocate the marketing: Most firms rely on two budgeting Techniques top down and bottom up. Top down budgeting techniques: requires top management to establish the overall amount that the organisation allocates for the promotional activities and this amount is then divided among advertisements, public relations and other promotional departments. Most commonly used method of techniques are: Percentage of sales Competitive parity Bottom Up: At the beginning identify promotional goals and allocate enough money to promote them. Most commonly used method: Objective task Deciding the strategy Push Strategy: Push Strategy means that the company wants to move its products by convincing members of the distribution channel such as wholesalers, agents or retailers to offer them and entice their customers to select these items. Ex: Personal selling, Trade advertisements and sales promotions. Pull Strategy: Pull strategy is counting on consumers wanting its products and so convincing retailers to respond to this demand by stocking them. In this case, efforts will focus on media advertising and consumer sales promotion to stimulate interest among end consumers who will pull the product onto shop shelves then onto their shopping baskets. Ex: Procter and Gamble reduced consumer sales promotion spending in the early 19900s when adopting its value pricing strategy. Designing the Promotional mix budget Factors affecting the IMC budget: Organisational Focus Market Potential Market size Step 4: It includes determining the specific communication tools that will be used, what message is to be communicated. Planners must ask how elements of promotional mix can be used most effectively to communicate with different target audiences. The message should focus on Get attention Hold Interest create desire Product action Step 5: The final step in marketing communications is to decide whether the plan is working. The marketer needs to determine whether the communication objectives are adequately translated into marketing communications that are reaching the right target audiences. PERSONAL APPEALS The most immediate way for a marketer to make contact with customer is simply to tell them how wonderful the product is. This part of the personal selling element of the promotional mix we mentioned previously. It is the direct interaction between the company representative and consumer that occur in personal or by phone or even over interactive computer link. Personal appeals can be tremendously effect, especially for expensive and complicated consumer items such as computers or cars and for industrial products where human touch is essential. MASS APPEALS The other pieces of the promotional mix are those messages which are intended to reach many perspective consumers at the same time which are impersonal and the lack of human touch. Examples of mass appeals advertising, Sales promotion and public relations. BUZZ APPEALS Many marketers are starting to figure out that they must find alternatives to traditional advertising. Especially young consumers are very cynical about the efforts of big corporations to buy their allegiance. Types of Buzz Appeals: Word of Mouth: Giving people a reason to talk about your products and services and making it easier for that conversation to take place. Ex: Burger king and Nike Buzz Marketing: Using high- profile entertainment or news to get people to talk about your brand. Ex; Puma, Procter and Gamble. Viral Marketing: Creating entertaining or informative messages that are designed to be passed along in an exponential fashion, often electronically or by e-mail. Ex: Microsoft and Nestle. Guerrilla Marketing: The concept of Guerrilla marketing was invented as an unconventional system of promotions that relies on time, energy and imagination rather than a big marketing budget. The objective of Guerrilla marketing is to create a unique, engaging and thought provoking concept to generate buzz, and consequently turn viral. It is specifically geared for small business and entrepreneurs. CONCLUSION One golden rule of promotions management is that over use of any technique will blunt its effectives. Innovation and creativity are key success factors, and recent advances in packaging and information technology have provided many exciting new ways to offer customers extra benefits. The implications for marketing management of the boom in promotions are becoming increasingly clear. In todays competitive market place the professional management of promotion has become a matter of life and death for an ever growing number of brands. INTRODUCTION Promotion is one of the four elements of marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). It is the communication link between the buyers and sellers for the purpose of informing, influencing, or persuading a potential buyers purchasing decision. Types of promotion Above the line promotion: Promotion in the media. For example (television, radio, newspapers, internet) Below the line promotion: All the other promotion, much of this is intended to be suitable enough for the consumer to be unaware that promotion is taking place. For example (direct mail, sponsorship, public relations) The specification of these elements creates a promotional mix. These elements are advertising, personal selling, direct marketing, sales promotion, public relations. A promotional mix has wide range of objectives i.e. new product acceptance, sales to be increased, positioning, creation of brand equity and creation of corporate image.

Types of Cancer and the Impact Upon the Patient and Family Members Essa

Abstract This paper is about cancer and the devastating impact it has on, not only the patient but the family members as well. How it forms, takes shape, what the symptoms are, how to diagnose the illness, and how to treat it as well as live and everyday life with this form of disease. Also how you can prevent it. What steps you can take to make sure you don’t get it. I will also explain on how to look for signs of what types of cancers you might get. Tell you, how often you should get screenings. I will also tell you who is at risk for getting cancer. Just how many people have cancer right now, how many are expected to get it? I will also tell you how many people are expected to die from this disease. I will discuss how there are many different types of cancer. I will also tell you about the stages, symptoms and if it can be cured or be fatal. Finally I have to tell you about the costs of fighting cancer, plus how much of a toll it takes not only on the patient but the family members as well. With cancer it can take not only a physical but emotional toll on everyone involved. Not to mention, all the money and time that is involved in fighting to win the battle. (Ahmedin, 2009). Most people do not discover they have cancer till it is too late. One can hope and pray that they will never contract this disease. Some of it is hereditary and runs in the family. Cancer sometimes is passed down through the generations. Cancer can also skip a generation. Cancer can lay dormant in your body for years and never show signs it is there. The best way to avoid cancer is to eat healthy, exercise, don’t smoke. (Ahmedin, 2009). Cancer and the Devastating Affects On Family Members & Types Cancer is a group of growths and abnormal c... ...on and Cancer; The Currant Epidemiological Evidence. Electronic Journal Center. (Vol.96, Issue S1, 42-45). Khatcheressian, J.L. (2006). American Society Of Clinical Oncology. Breast Cancer Follow Up. (Nov. 2006, (31), 5091-5097). Kristal, Alan R. (2004). Vitamin A, Retinoid and Caroteniods as Chemopreventive Agents For Prostate Cancer. The Journal Of Urology. (Vol.171, Issue 2, Supplement 554-558). Mysliwiec, P.A. (2006). Malignancies Following Cancer of the Colon. Malignancies Among Cancer Survivors. (NIH Publ. No. 05-5302). Schairer, Catherine. (2006). Family History of Breast Cancer as a Risk Factor for Ovarian Cancer in prospective Study. Breast Cancer. Electronic Journal. (Vol. 107, Issue 5, 1075- 1083). Siegfried, Jill M. (2001). Woman and Lung Cancer. Does Estrogen Play a Role. Lancet Oncology, Electronic Journal Center. (Vol. 2, Issue 8, 506-513).

Aquinas’ view of kingship and the Aristotelian response Essay

St. Thomas Aquinas takes many of Aristotle’s ideas from The Politics in order to create his idea of the best regime. He revisits the good and bad forms of each type of government Aristotle introduced, and then makes his decision that the best regime is a type of monarchy that he calls kingship. This decision stems from his definition of a king as â€Å"one who rules over the people of a city or province for the common good† (17). Kingship is beneficial because it is the rule of one person. Aquinas states that the correct and most useful way to carry out an objective is â€Å"when it is lead to its appropriate end† (15). The incorrect way would be the opposite–to lead something to an inappropriate end, or not to lead it to an end at all. In light of this definition, the most effective government would lead the people to their appropriate end, which Aquinas believes is unity. In this sense, Aquinas believes that obviously something that â€Å"is itself one can promote unity better than that which is a plurality† (17). This may not seem quite so obvious to anyone else, and his analogy between unity and heat may seem a little vague, but Aquinas still makes a valid point in that creating a government promoting unity is more difficult when more people are involved. This is simply because of the number of ideas and interpretations present within a group that are not present under the rule of one. Aquinas also argues that kingship, or the good, just monarchy, is preferable because it is present in nature. He likens the king to God, because naturally God is the â€Å"Ruler over all† (17). It is therefore natural for one man to rule many, as long as he is leading the people to their appropriate end, which is unity. The king should be â€Å"a shepherd who seeks†¦not his own benefit† (16), which is an instance of government represented by nature. Aquinas believes that as â€Å"art imitates nature† (18), so should politics, and the best art is that which best imitates nature. In this sense, the best government would be that which imitates natural order. The king â€Å"has a duty to act in his kingdom like the soul in the body and God in the world† (26). This is the best way in which a government can reflect nature in its practice. Aquinas understands that monarchy is â€Å"considered by many as odious because it  is associated with the evils of tyranny† (20). He, however, believes that kingship is so important, that a slight change of the type of monarchy would not be that bad. This is interesting, because Aquinas also says that tyranny is the â€Å"worst form of government† (18) because it seeks only the good of the tyrant, and is therefore further from the appropriate end of government, which is the common good and unity. The reasons Aquinas seems to change his mind about the idea of tyranny seem to be a little cloudy. He suddenly decides that tyranny in its less excessive forms is nowhere near as bad as the better forms of government, even though he says it is the worst. Aquinas would advise the citizens to â€Å"tolerate a mild tyranny for a time† (23) instead of doing anything rash that â€Å"may bring on many dangers that are worse† (23). These dangers include democracy and oligarchy, which are supposed to be better forms of government than tyranny. In any case, the tyranny would still be the rule of one, although not for the common good. This may be what Aquinas means when he says tyranny is tolerable. Aristotle would agree with most of Aquinas’ statements, mainly because they were Aristotle’s statements first. Aristotle poses questions on the issue of kingship, and sets up arguments others have against it, while Aquinas attempts to come up with some answers as to why kingship is the best alternative. Aristotle agrees that there are some states that kingship would benefit greatly. His view is not that all states would benefit from a kingship, which is what Aquinas is trying to prove. This is the major difference, as both believe that kingship is a worthy form of government.

Free Essays on Contrasting Rich And Poor In Grapes Of Wrath

One of the ironies of Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath was that, as Ma Joad said, "If your in trouble or hurt or need go to poor people. They're the only ones that'll help the only ones."(pg 335) The irony is that if you need something you have to go to the people who have nothing. There are many examples of this in the book. The first example of this is at the truck station in chapter 15 when the restaurant owner and waitress give the family bread at a discounted rate, and candy two for a penny when it is actually nickel candy. The truck drivers then leave large tips to the waitress. Neither the truck driver nor the restaurant owner and waitress are very rich but they are generous anyway. In chapter seventeen the person at the car dump gives Tom and Al things for way discounted rates. Ma Joad is also an example of this. The Joads are poor and yet they give what little they have to the children who need it. They also stay and help the Wilsons when it just slowed them down. Another example is when the small land owner that Tom first gets work warns them of the plot of the Farmer's Association to raid the government camp. The clerk in the company store in chapter twenty-four is also generous, lending Ma ten cents so that she can get sugar for the coffee. These acts of generosity are contrasted to how the rich people are trying to rip off the migrants. Chapter seven shows how the car dealer rip the people off by selling them pieces of junk for high prices. They use cheep tricks such as pouring sawdust into the gears or transmission to cut down the noise of the car and hide problems. They take advantage of the tenant farmers ignorance of cars and interest rates to make a profit. Chapter nine shows how junk dealers bought all the things from the tenant farmers at a very low price. The farmers have to leave and can't take the stuff with them, so they take advantage of the fact that the farmers have no choice but to sell ... Free Essays on Contrasting Rich And Poor In Grapes Of Wrath Free Essays on Contrasting Rich And Poor In Grapes Of Wrath One of the ironies of Steinbeck’s novel, The Grapes of Wrath was that, as Ma Joad said, "If your in trouble or hurt or need go to poor people. They're the only ones that'll help the only ones."(pg 335) The irony is that if you need something you have to go to the people who have nothing. There are many examples of this in the book. The first example of this is at the truck station in chapter 15 when the restaurant owner and waitress give the family bread at a discounted rate, and candy two for a penny when it is actually nickel candy. The truck drivers then leave large tips to the waitress. Neither the truck driver nor the restaurant owner and waitress are very rich but they are generous anyway. In chapter seventeen the person at the car dump gives Tom and Al things for way discounted rates. Ma Joad is also an example of this. The Joads are poor and yet they give what little they have to the children who need it. They also stay and help the Wilsons when it just slowed them down. Another example is when the small land owner that Tom first gets work warns them of the plot of the Farmer's Association to raid the government camp. The clerk in the company store in chapter twenty-four is also generous, lending Ma ten cents so that she can get sugar for the coffee. These acts of generosity are contrasted to how the rich people are trying to rip off the migrants. Chapter seven shows how the car dealer rip the people off by selling them pieces of junk for high prices. They use cheep tricks such as pouring sawdust into the gears or transmission to cut down the noise of the car and hide problems. They take advantage of the tenant farmers ignorance of cars and interest rates to make a profit. Chapter nine shows how junk dealers bought all the things from the tenant farmers at a very low price. The farmers have to leave and can't take the stuff with them, so they take advantage of the fact that the farmers have no choice but to sell ...

Greasy lake analysis Essays

Greasy lake analysis Essays Greasy lake analysis Paper Greasy lake analysis Paper Essay Topic: Easy Scaly In the first paragraph of the story the narrator describes what is means to be bad, does his voice through out the story suggest he thinks of himself as a bad guy how does the narrators description of events support or refute his idea of himself as a bad guy? Three teenagers that perceived themselves as being the bad characters Every teenage boy thinks they are as bad as the next one, doing rebellious things to boost up there confidence and uphold their images. In the short story Greasy Lake, T. Shortchanges Bayle talks about three teenagers that perceived themselves as being the bad characters. The narrator appears to be the ultimate rebel upon first glimpse describing his appearance, actions, and attitude as someone trying to be more than they really are, but by the end of the story the narrator has changed his bad boy image to more wholesome realizing there not as bad as they thought they were. In the story the narrator describes what the meaning of what bad Is but throughout the Tory the voice and description of him being a bad guy changes. The first change of the narrators voice was when he realized he had mistaken another car which he thought was a his friends car ends up fighting a man and almost raping a girl you can tell he was scared but being the bad guy he Is he had to do ha the had to do The second change of the narrators voice was when he found a dead body In the lake The third change of his voice was when he ran Into two girls who were trying to party and he turned them down. :

Special-Needs Offender Programs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Special-Needs Offender Programs - Research Paper Example According to estimates, mental illness affects 50 percent of the population in U.S. prisons (DeGroot, 2015). The high population leads to overcrowding in prison because of the high population. As a result, mentally ill inmates may be put under solitary confinement and may not receive adequate mental health medical attention. Mentally retarded offenders require treatment in facilities that can adequately address the issues affecting them. The treatment helps in their rehabilitation (Lamberti, Weisman, & Faden, 2014). Crime close relates to substance or drug abuse. Most offenders in prisons committed crimes while under the influence of intoxicants. Such offenders should be given specialized attention during their detention and incarceration. Formulation of rehabilitation is necessary to provide the necessary help to drug users (Atabay, 2009). The main challenge that substance abusers face is the fact that prisons in the U.S. serve many prisoners. The provision of services to many offenders makes it difficult to single out substance abusers in order to rehabilitate them. A sexual offence by definition is an unwanted sexual encounter between two or more adults or minors. The sexual offence may involve actual contact or no contact. Sexual offenders are individuals who engage in such activities. Unfortunately, sex-related crimes are quite common in the U.S (Sample & Kandleck, 2008).Estimates have it that one out of five girls faces sexual abuse before attaining adult age. In the case of boys, it is one out of seven (CSOM, 2015). Women offenders are also under the special-needs offender categories. The reason for this is the fact that women have psychiatric attributes that make them different from male offenders. For this reason, women detention is done in specific correctional institutions. As at 2010, there were 113,000 women facing incarceration in the correctional

Schools and society 601.4.4-10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Schools and society 601.4.4-10 - Essay Example Show them a Saree from India and a Kimono from Japan. Explain that USA brings out the best in everyone. Ask children if they know where President Kennedy’s family originally came from ? Tell them they came from Ireland and he was the first Irish-American President of the US. Arnold Schwarzenegger, the Governor of California and former film actor is an Austrian American. Show picture of â€Å"melting pot† (Villager, 2006) and explain how different cultures have created the uniqueness that is America. Explain that, in a melting pot, cultures blend together to form a smooth and consistent whole – with contribution from each. Then show a picture of â€Å"tossed salad†. A tossed salad is also made of many components and forms a complete whole. Ask students how a tossed salad is different from a melting pot ? Explain that, in a tossed salad, each community is a seamless, well-fitted part of the whole where individual beauty of their own culture is also preserved. Give example of lettuce in the picture which is part of the salad but still distinctively identifiable. Read excerpts of the American adaptation of Korean story â€Å"The Tiger and the Dried Persimmon† by Janie Jaehyun (2002). The folk tale shows the strength of speaking one’s mind and being fearless. Ask students if they liked the Korean folk tale and if they know where Korea is and whether they have any Asian friends. Ask students if they know that many words spoken in English today were originally brought to our culture and English language from different regions of the world ? Give examples of Hurricane (Spanish), Algebra (Arabic), Fajita (Spanish), Bazar (Urdu), Cent (Latin – French, Italian, German). Speak a little about these countries and their citizens who have made their home in the US. Explain to students how cultures bring languages and words together making it easier for us to understand new

Muslims and Islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Muslims and Islam - Research Paper Example It was once the religion of a sophisticated and powerful world empire, but is today the religion of some of the least dynamic parts of the world, often found in countries that have deliberately avoided integration into an increasingly globalized world.' Muslims finds their basic teachings explained through the Holy Scripture, The Qur’an, revealed to the final prophet of God, Muhammad, over a period of forty years. However Muslims believe that Islam was revealed to many generations and prophets before this as well, and consider it being the true religion of many prophets that are mentioned in other religions as well, such as Moses, Abraham and Jesus. The basic fundamentals of Islam lie on five basic tenants, or the Five Pillars of Islam as they are referred to. These are Shahada, or testament, Salat, or Prayer, Sawm, or Fasting, Zakat, or Alms and Hajj, or holy pilgrimage. The first pillar of Islam is Shahada. Shahada is to bear witness or testify to the fact that Allah is the One and the only entity worthy of worship as God, and furthermore, that Muhammad is his last prophet. This is the first and fundamental pillar, and is considered the most important one, as all other beliefs arise from this basic belief, that is the oneness of Allah. The Muslims also testify to Muhammad as being the last prophet of Allah so as to rule out the possibility of any future claims to prophet-hood and thereby eliminating any further amendments to the religion. Prayer is the second Pillar of Islam and is fairly straightforward: prayer at five designated times a day, in a designated manner, to Allah. Its purpose is to instill in the believer a sense of scheduled division of time and to keep with the believer a constant reminder of Allah and their beliefs throughout the day. Sawm, or fasting, is observed in the holy month of Ramadan (The ninth month of the Islamic Calender) and involves fasting until sunset for the month, so as to instill patience and perseverance into the Mus lim observing the fast, as well as have them understand how those less fortunate than them live every day of the year, without food or water. It is to instill in the believer a sense of patience and steadfastness, through sacrifice for Allah. The fourth pillar of Islam is Zakat, the practice of giving a designated amount of alms to the poor, which is based on a fixed percentage on the possessions of the believer. It is so the rich can help the less privileged, as well as instilling in them a sense of generosity and teaching the positive use of money rather than encouraging it to be hoarded or kept without being given away to others. Finally, the last pillar of Islam is Hajj, or pilgrimage to the sacred land of Mecca, which every able Muslim must complete at least once in their lifetime, so as to show their devotion to their Lord and offer a pilgrimage to the place that is considered the root of their religion. Nonetheless, even though these are the five most basic and important poin ts of belief, the fundamental 'pillars' on which the religion of Islam stands, one can say that this is what basically gives a base to the religion. In actuality, there are many other beliefs and doctrines that are also considered with fundamental importance. For example, Muslims place significant importance on the lessons taught by Muhammad, almost as much importance as they place on the words of the Qur'an, which they believe to have come from Allah directly through an angel, revealed to Muhammad. The lessons taught

Virgin America Essay Example for Free

Virgin America Essay With the foundation of Virgin Records in 1970, The Virgin Group is one of world’s largest business entities, which in 2009 comprised 300 companies under its structure, in businesses as diverse as space travel, mobile telephony, transportation, travel, financial services, media, music and fitness. The image and culture of the Virgin Group is tied to the image and personality of its founder Sir Richard Branson. The company’s fundamental values foster many of the dimensions of culture, which are highly internalized within the organization. Mr.  Branson realizes the potential and importance of those who work for him and therefore creates a structure, which is decentralized, through empowering his employees and providing them with autonomy. This paper aims at providing a critical view over the Virgin Group’s corporate strategy, in terms of strategic thinking and diversification, as well as a closer look at the business strategy of one of the Group’s businesses, the Virgin America. The Virgin Group is a company that encourages employees to use their awareness to make decisions rather than the standard quo. Because of the company’s corporate culture and structure, Virgin has successfully forecasted possible issues and has dealt with them in a timely manner. Many other organizations have a formalized structure and the Virgin Group is anything but formal and other companies may look at this as an area of concern but not for Sir Richard Branson, the ways he communicates and the way he leads is testament to why he and his companies are very successful and Virgin America will follow suit. Virgin America One of the most recognized name in the world, Virgin, created in 1970 by Sir Richard Branson a leading venture capital organization, is one of the worlds most recognized and respected organizations in the business enterprise. The Virgin Group is a diversified grouping of more than 300 privately held companies, employing approximately 50,000 people, in 30 countries. Revenues around the world in 2009 exceeded 18 billion (http://www. virgin. com/about-us/). The Virgin Group has become one of the most successful businesses in industries ranging from mobile telephony, transportation, travel, financial services, media, music and fitness. Of Virgin’s 300-plus companies, the majority are operating companies that own assets, employ people, and offer goods and services. These operating companies are owned and controlled by some 20 holding companies; most of these own several operating companies within the same line of business. For example, Virgin Travel Limited owns Virgin Group’s investments in Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Blue, Virgin America, and SN Air holdings. Overall ownership of most of the Virgin Group lies in the hands of Virgin Group Investments Limited a private company registered in the British Virgin Islands. The corporate strategy of the Virgin Group is to operate like a venture capital firm based on the Virgin brand. This strategy involves diversification at the individual business unit level and meanwhile, collaborations are created from hierarchical relationships and the interaction of the corporate head office with individual business units. By leveraging the Virgin Brand which has established a reputation in the customer minds of the unique Virgin culture and also allows Virgin to break into new markets and execute its ventures very effectively. Virgin Atlantic Airways is the largest of the Virgin companies and the number two airline in the United Kingdom, with this said Mr. Branson wanted to branch out of the UK to build his airline image to the United States. In 2007, San Francisco became the headquarters for Virgin America. Virgin America which has flown mostly trans-continental routes in the U. S. since its launch in 2007, has expanded to Canada with flights to Toronto and plans to begin service to Mexico. Sir Richard Branson vision was to have a â€Å"topnotch service† (http://www. irgin. com/company/virgin-america/), for the U. S travelers, with the exceptional service that is known on Virgin Atlantic flights. It has not been an easy road to get into the airline industry in the United States. Because of The Federal Aviation Act of 1938, which restricts foreign ownership of domestic airlines, Mr. Branson would had to partner with another American carrier, example Southwest Airlines and would have to turn over the business to the American carrier. Due to this, he eventually waited until the laws could change into his favor which it did not and decided to follow another avenue. He viewed some finance options that would be enough to satisfy the laws about foreign ownership restrictions. There were other American domestic airlines that viewed Virgin as a threat and tried to block the certification. This lasted for a year and half with Virgin America planes parked and not being flown. It was time and money being wasted because of the fear from the domestic carriers that Virgin may take some of their travel customers. Sir Richard Branson had some laws and political warfare going against him and his Virgin Group because of fear of being challenged and to enter a market dominated by U. S carriers. The Virgin Group sent many of millions of dollars in lawsuits, time and man power to establish a foothold into the U. S territory. Sir Richard Branson has a charismatic style and talent which is a strength that other companies are unable to reproduce, and which describes the Virgin label. The Virgin culture is what Sir Richard Branson has built over decades and that distinguishes the work environment within Virgin Group from other companies. It is a culture that is ‘not looking for clones,’ that is ‘like a family’ and is one that requires employees to have the ‘Virgin Flair. ’ (Branson, 2010) Because of these qualities which have created a corporate culture that is unlike in any organization and has become the way at The Virgin Group. Sir Richard Branson’s personality is the culture at Virgin and like he mentions and has been heard before from other leaders yet he is the only one that adheres to this motto that a companys employees are its greatest asset, particularly in service-based operations where your people are your product. You here this all the time in many organizations and yet you have cultures that are in flux with management, you hear many complaints from the front line to mid-level managers that do not trust or believe the upper management. But you can also say the same from the Executive level that the employees are not listening, what this is, is poor communication, the leader has to establish the culture for the company and Sir Richard Branson has done this time and time again, with over 300 companies. With Virgin America coming to the U.  S, the culture is going to be one that will challenge the likes of Southwest Airlines where the culture of this airline is fun and exciting. Sir Richard Branson talks about the Virgin culture and provides an example that when building a new cabin for one of their aircraft that he invites certain departments from inception so they work together so they all can be responsible for the failure or success of the new project. This also invites all to ask questions as a team so everyone input is valid and that which makes the endeavor more enjoyable and the work fun. It’s all about communication, no matter what the culture is and in the Virgin companies it’s all about customer service, and in the U. S, Mr. Branson will know that Americans are a low context culture that communication is important and is precise. The culture barriers will be minimal for Virgin America since California has a diverse cultural background. Why did Sir Richard Branson want to enter in the United States especially the low cost airline industry? Virgin Atlantic is an international company that has flights all around the world but not based in the U.  S. and with the heavy hitters of the airline industry, example, Delta, United, and Continental, Sir Richard wanted to get into the business that he sees that could be successful like Southwest Airlines. But like this paper mentions, this has been fraught with challenging issues and times (current economic conditions) and the time and money of negotiating with lawyers and political upheaval from other airlines. The goal of Virgin America is to provide the exceptional customer service and the brand of the Virgin name to the United States. In 2010, Virgin America had yet another setback, trying to get a gate at one of the busiest airports in the country, Chicago O’hare. Now the new low cost airline will be looking towards to Dallas, this is a blow to the many Americans looking for another option to flying in and out of Chicago and all because of the two major airlines United and American who control more than 90% of the gates. (Low-cost airlines would land for city-owned gates. 2010). I believe it’s a waiting game, another carrier, JetBlue had to wait of over year to get a gate at the O’Hare airport, patience will be the key to Virgin America and that does not bode well with Sir Richards standards even though he has played this game for some time. What Virgin America can do is work with other cities that are willing to work and make the financial numbers feasible for both parties and in time gate availability for Chicago O’Hare will eventually be available. The Virgin Group organizational structure is quite complex, with over 300 companies that operate in all unique industries. But all of these companies fall under the Virgin brand. The brand is similar or identical within each separate operation. This image is one of quality and innovation and by creating an exceptional brand; the company is able to create a high level of loyalty within its customer base. The diversity of businesses operated by Virgin Group helps the company maintain a high level of loyalty in many different industries. With the Virgin America company, this would fall under the Virgin Travel umbrella, (see chart) and would have a separate management hierarchal structure, almost like a franchise organization. References http://www.virgin.com/about-us/ http://blogs.wsj.com/middleseat/2010/08/11/sir-richard-is-finally-linking-together-the-virgin-airlines/

Emotional Intelligence Ei And Burnout Among Nurses Psychology Essay

Emotional Intelligence Ei And Burnout Among Nurses Psychology Essay This study examined the relationship between emotional intelligence and burnout among nurses working in private hospitals in Malaysia. Theoretical literatures related to this relationship are presented in the first part of this chapter. The existing literatures on the topics were examined and key pieces were brought together to establish a foundation for this study. While for the second part of this chapter, it discusses about the theoretical framework of this study and finally, the research hypotheses are developed based on the theoretical foundations and empirical evidences from the existing literatures. 2.2 Burnout The term burnout has its roots in the medical and nursing disciplines. It was first defined by a psychiatrist, named Herbert Freudenberger in 1974. The theory of burnout was developed through his clinical experience by exploring the turmoil that people experience every day. According to Maslach and Jackson (1981a), burnout occurs in the helping professions, such as nursing due to the chronic stress associated with doing work that involves people. Basically burnout occurs as feelings of emotional exhaustion, negative feelings, and attitudes within the job and the increase of negative self-concept. The earliest use of the burnout term in nursing literature was found in the articles published by Seymour Shubin in 1978. Shubin described burnout as hazardous to nursing and all other helping professions. The study of burnout, although not exclusive to nursing, continues to be an important occupational issue for the nursing profession. 2.2.1 Definition of Burnout There are many definitions of burnout, however most definitions share a view of burnout as a state of fatigue and emotional exhaustion, as a result of emotional depletion and loss of motivation. The term burnout that was first coined by Freudenberger in 1974 refers to wearing out from the pressures of work. It was used to describe the experience of employees in professions that needs high degree of people contract. Freudenberger in 1975 further defined burnout as wearing out, failing, becoming exhausted, and it occurs when excessive demands on energy, strength or resources are made. Cherniss (1980) was among the first to describe burnout within human service field who defined burnout as a process that leads to an individuals attitudes and behaviors change in negative ways in response to work stress. On the other hand, Maslach (1982) who had extensively researched about burnout has provided the most commonly accepted definition of burnout as a syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment that can occur among individuals who do peoples work of some kind. Maslach identified three related themes: (1) painful emotional experiences often resulted in clinical practitioners feeling emotionally exhausted and drained; (2) as a result, they developed negative and cynical attitudes towards their clients; and (3) personal competence suffered resulting in feelings of failure about their ability to work in the healthcare profession. These three themes were summarized as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal ac complishment and later operationalized to measure burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) (Maslach, Jackson Leiter, 1996). Garrosa, Moreno-Jimenez, Liang and Gonzalez (2008) indicated that burnout is a specific form of chronic and occupational stress in the professional social services. According to Westman and Eden (1996), studies have shown a strong relationship between work stress and burnout in many occupations. Especially, burnout has been repeatedly linked to job stress in the human service field due to the frequent and intense interactions with clients (Cordes Doughery, 1993; Lee Ashforth, 1996). Additionally, studies have also shown that nurses who experience occupational stress experience greater burnout (Stechmiller Yarandi, 1993). Thus, burnout is related to stress whereby burnout is a reaction to stress. Prolonged and unrelieved work stress often leads to burnout which results in negative attitudes towards work. Freudenberger (1975) postulated that burnout involves physical and behavioral symptoms. Behavioral consequences of burnout include decreased interaction with care recipients, ineff ective absenteeism, and high levels of job turnover (Maslach, 1982; Maslach Leiter, 1997). 2.2.2 Models of Burnout The burnout literature provides several models of burnout. This section describes three models constructed in the early eighties which proceed from the simplest to the most complex model. 2.2.2.1 Cherniss transaction model of burnout Cherniss (1980) was a significant figure of the first wave of burnout researchers and offered a burnout model that articulated transactional imbalance between the personal resources of the giver and the demands of the recipient or situation. Cherniss described burnout as a transactional stress process that involves three stages. The first stage is stress whereby demands placed exceed individual resources for coping. The second stage is strain, the initial emotional response to stress which usually includes feelings of anxiety, tension, fatigue, and exhaustion. Finally, defensive coping occurs which leads to changes in attitudes and behaviors such as the tendency of burnout individuals to treat clients in depersonalized way. Two years later, Cherniss modified his model and elaborated on the model that the causes of stress can either be internal or external demands. Additionally, the limited resources contributing to stress can also be external (e.g. availability of time, work space, a nd equipment) or internal (e.g. skills, knowledge, energy, and personality). In summary, Cherniss theorized that burnout is a coping response in a transactional process that begins with excessive and prolonged exposure to job stress. The uncontrollable stress causes strain in the individual which influences the coping process. If the stress is prolonged or becomes more intense, it will deplete the coping resources of an individual and force the individual to withdraw psychologically. 2.2.2.2 Edelwich and Brodsky: Five stages of burnout Edelwich and Brodsky (1980) suggested five stages of burnout: (1) enthusiasm; (2) stagnation; (3) frustration; (4) apathy; and (5) intervention. At the first stage, employees have great enthusiasm for their new jobs. They do not know much about their job and have unrealistic expectations about outcomes of their effort. Therefore, when the outcome is not as expected, they become disillusioned. During the period of stagnation at stage two, realities of the job become evident. The job is no longer satisfying as it first appeared. Employees are now more concerned with meeting personal needs, working hours, and career development. The third stage is called the period of frustration. Employees begin to question their job effectiveness and the value of their job. The limits imposed by bureaucracy frustrate the individuals and they become dissatisfied with the job situation. At this stage, employees begin to develop emotional, physical, and behavioral problems. Proceed to stage four; employees frustration turns to apathy because individuals feel trapped. On one hand, they feel frustrated by the job situation but on the other hand, they need the salary. The emotional and physical responses of individuals become worse whereby they would avoid clients whenever possible. The final stage is intervention. Nevertheless, it cannot be determined whether this stage would occur in an organization or the individual who is experiencing burnout would recognize their psychological state as undesirable. In summary, Edelwich and Brodsky viewed burnout as an evolutionary process that begins with idealistic enthusiasm and commitment. Subsequently, the loss of idealism, vigor, and purpose are triggered largely by work conditions (Edelwich Brodsky, 1980). 2.2.2.3 Maslach: Burnout caused by social interaction Maslach, a social psychologist, who became a stellar figure in the emerging research of burnout, has provided the conceptual definition that begun the second wave of research. Maslach (1982) described burnout as a three-dimensional syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Another specific contribution Maslach made was the theoretical emphasis on the relational causes of burnout which linked to the social roots of emotional expenditure (Leiter Maslach, 1988; Maslach Leiter, 1997). Maslach (1982) saw that emotional overload and subsequent emotional exhaustion are the heart of the burnout syndrome. Thus, the first response to a stressful interaction with other people is emotional exhaustion. As people become emotionally depleted, they cope by cutting back on their involvement with others. This detached response which called depersonalization is the second aspect of burnout and leads to various negative attitudes and behaviors. At this stage, individuals who experience burnout feel more emotional distress and guilt about how they have treated those that they are trying to help. Finally, the feeling of reduced personal accomplishment which is the third aspect of burnout appears. At this point, the individuals feel inadequate about their ability to treat or help others. They tend to believe that they have failed professionally and chosen the wrong profession. A major contribution by Maslach was the development of the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Maslach and Jackson (1981a, 1981b) developed the MBI, which was one of the first reliable instruments for valid measurement of burnout. MBI is still the most widely-used measure of burnout in current research. MBI assesses psychological burnout and has three different versions, which include one general survey, one for human service professionals, and one for educators. The most commonly used measure of burnout is the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey or MBI-HSS (Maslach, Jackson Leiter, 1996) which was developed to measure occupational burnout among people working in the field of human services. 2.2.3 Burnout and Nursing Employees in general experience burnout on the job, especially those in jobs with high contact with people. Nevertheless, nurses are considered at high risk of work-related stress and particularly susceptible to burnout among the different healthcare providers (Keane, Ducette Alder, 1985; Kilpatrick, 1989; Schaefer Moos, 1993; Schaufeli Janczur, 1994; Duquette, Kerouac Sandhu Beaudet, 1994; Farrington, 1995; Decker, 1997; Marsh, Beard Adams, 1999; Koivula, Paunonen Laippala, 2000; Taormina Law, 2000; Shimizu, Mizoue, Kubota, Mishima Nagata, 2003; Jenkins Elliott, 2004; Piko, 2006). This is also proven by the fact that burnout in nursing has received world-wide attention (Demerouti, Bakker, Nechreiner Schaufeli, 2000). Several studies have identified nurse burnout rates are as high as 40-50% (Hapell, Martin Pinikahana, 2003; Vahey, Aiken, Sloane, Clarke Vargas, 2004). Nurses are particularly susceptible to the development of burnout, mainly because of the nature and the em otional demands of their profession. Nurses experience considerable stress in their job because they have long working hours, a wide range of tasks, interpersonal conflict with patients and their families, doctors, and other co-workers, exposure to death and dying, and noise pollution (Schmitz, Neuman Opperman, 2000; Maslach, Schaufeli Leiter, 2001; Shimizu et al., 2003). Studies have also confirmed that stressful circumstances for hospital nurses are escalating (Foxall, Zimmerman, Standley Bene, 1990; Healey McKay, 2000; Koivula et al., 2000). Basically, nurses are subjected to many demands in the workplace which include physical demands as well as the psychological/emotional demands. The physical demands are related to the physical energy required to perform the daily duties of nursing such as transferring patients in and out of bed and lifting patients onto a bed. On the other hand, psychological/emotional demands are related to the emotional energy required to care for patients with chronic illness (Van Servelle n Leake, 1993). Therefore, nurses who feel overloaded perceive a lack of meaningful connection with the patients. 2.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI) Emotional intelligence (EI) is complementary to cognitive abilities (IQ) (Devrim, Nadi, Mahmut, Mustafa Mustafa Kemal, 2005). Goleman (1995) stated that EI is significant to success. Goleman further explained the difference between people with high IQs who experience difficulties in their personal and professional lives and people with moderate IQs who are very successful in all their endeavours. Emotions are separated from that of the rational mind by having independent views and a mind of their own (Freshwater Stickley, 2004). Therefore, one has two minds, a rational mind that thinks and an emotional mind that feels. In conclusion, both the rational mind and emotional mind, store memories and influence our responses, actions, and choices. Furthermore, EI such as academic intelligence can be learned and developed with age (Mayer, Caruso Salovey, 2000). Research has shown that people with high EI understand their own and others feelings, know how to manage themselves, deal successfully with others, and respond effectively to work demands (Dulewicz Higgs, 2003; Goleman, 2005). Cooper (1997) stated that people with high levels of EI experience more career success, build stronger personal relationships, lead more effectively, and enjoy better health than those with low EI. Hence, developing EI competencies in existing employees or finding individuals who posses these skills will enhance the organizations bottom line (Goleman, 1998a, 1998b) and ensure long-term success for the company. 2.3.1 Background and Definition of Emotional Intelligence (EI) The idea of EI has its roots in the social intelligences. EI was first proposed by Thorndike in 1921, who noted that it was of value in human interactions and relationships. Gardners (1983) multiple intelligence theory later also contributed to the theory of EI through the identification of intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligences. Interpersonal intelligence comprised of the ability to understand others and to co-operate with them, whereas intrapersonal intelligence comprised of the ability to be self-aware, to recognize ones own feelings, and to use this to operate successfully in life. However, the term EI was not brought into mainstream psychology until 1990s (Mayer, DiPaolo Salovey, 1990; Salovey Mayer, 1990). Hence, EI is a new construct since the first peer-reviewed article that was published in 1990 (Salovey Mayer, 1990). The concept is also described as a new theory which is still in the initial stage of development and testing (Ashkanasy, Hartel Daus, 2002; Cherniss , Extein, Goleman Weissberg, 2006). As a result, definition of EI varies. Salovey and Mayer (1990) first coined the term of EI and defined EI as the ability to monitor ones own and others feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide ones thinking and actions. Mayer et al. (2000) further defined EI as an ability to recognize the meanings of emotions and their relationships, and reason and problem-solve on the basis of them. EI is involved in the capacity to perceive emotions, assimilate emotions related feelings, understand the information of those emotions, and manage them. However, the concept of EI was popularized by Goleman (1995) through his book Emotional Intelligence, which became the best-selling book for business and education leaders. Goleman (1998a) identified EI as the capacity for recognizing our own feelings and those of others, for motivating ourselves, and for managing emotions well in ourselves and in our relationships. In addition, Bar-On (2005) defined EI as a cross-section of interrelated emotio nal and social competencies, skills, and facilitators that determine how effectively we understand and express ourselves, understand others and relate with them, and cope with daily demands. In conclusion, recognizing feelings and controlling emotions are described as the core competencies of EI. Individuals who are emotionally intelligent can understand one another and each others views to overcome conflict and avoid damaging the relationship. Therefore, EI is about sensing what others are feelings and handling relationships effectively (Dulewicz Higgs, 2000). Previous research also addressed the relationship between EI and work outcome variables such as stress perceptions in the workplace (Bar-On, Brown, Kirkcaldy Thome, 2000; Nikolaou Tsaousis, 2002), job satisfaction (Wong Law, 2002), job commitment (Nikolaou Tsaousis, 2002), leader effectiveness (Higgs Aitken, 2003), and performance (Lam Kirby, 2002; Van Rooy Viswesvaran, 2004; Lopes, Grewal, Kadis, Gall Salovey, 2006). 2.3.2 Theories of Emotional Intelligence (EI) Many theories have been proposed since the emergence of the concept of EI in 1990s. Nevertheless, three theories have gained acceptance among scholars and practitioners (Dulewicz, Higgs Slaski, 2003). These three major theoretical constructs each focused on understanding the roles of skills, traits, and abilities in EI (Emmerling Goleman, 2003). EI has been defined as an ability (Salovey Mayer, 1990), a set of traits and abilities (Bar-On, 2005) or a combination of skills and personal competencies (Goleman, 1995). The ability model is based on an individuals ability to use emotions as part of the reasoning process (Mayer et al., 2000). Mayer et al. asserted that EI depends on the ability to process emotional information and to use core abilities related to emotions. Bar-On (2005) conceptualized EI as a set of personality traits and abilities that predict emotional and social adaption within environments. Bar-On also affirmed that EI is teachable and learnable. According to Goleman (1995), EI is a set of learned skills and competencies and this conceptualization is most widely accepted outside academia. Golemans ideas have contributed to the development of leadership models that outline skills and competencies related to emotionally competent leadership (Emmerling Goleman, 2003). Apart from that, the literature has evolved into two main categories of EI models: (1) ability model; and (2) mixed models (Feyerherm Rice, 2002). The Salovey and Mayer theory is considered as an ability model of EI, while the Bar-On and Goleman theories are considered as mixed models of EI (Mayer et al., 2000). Basically, the ability model encapsulates EI as a skill and the mixed models go beyond ability by including additional personality characteristics that lead to certain behaviors. 2.3.2.1 Ability Model The ability model of EI is the Salovey and Mayer (1990) model which officially launched the field of EI. Salovey and Mayer viewed EI as an ability that exists, interacts, and complements an individuals cognitive capabilities. Ability theory promotes the relationship between cognition and emotions based on mental abilities (Mayer, Salovey Caruso, 2004). Salovey and Mayer conceptualized EI as a set of interrelated skills composed of four branches of abilities, which include: (1) perception and expression of emotions; (2) using emotions to facilitate thought; (3) understanding and analyzing emotions; and (4) managing emotions (Mayer et al., 2004). The four branches can be described as follows: (1) the perceiving emotions branch relates to the ability to detect emotions in oneself and in others; (2) the using emotions branch relates to the ability to use emotions in cognitive activities such as problem solving; (3) the understanding emotions branch relates to the ability to comprehend t he complexity of emotional languages and emotional relationships; and (4) the managing emotions branch relates to the ability for one to regulate emotions in oneself and in others. The ability model of EI is different from other theories because the model is the only one which utilizes an instrument designed to measure ability (Dulewicz et al., 2003). This model operationalizes EI using ability-based measures: the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MECEIT) (Mayer, Salovey Caruso, 2002) and its predecessor, the Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS) (Salovey Mayer, 1990). The ability tests measure how well people perform tasks and solve emotional problems, as opposed to other EI scales which rely on the individuals subjective assessment of his or her perceived emotional skills. However, ability tests are expensive and require more resources to administer and score. MSCEIT instrument is difficult to score and lacks workplace applicability (Brackett, Rivers, Shiffman, Lerner Salovey, 2006). Consequently, self-report assessment outnumbers ability tests are more widely used in the mixed models. 2.3.2.2 Mixed Models EI mixed theories highlight the emotional and social functioning of individuals (Goleman, 2005; Bar-On, 2006). Therefore, Bar-On categorized his model of EI as a key of emotional-social intelligence (ESI). Bar-On (2005) asserted five key competencies are associated with ESI, whereby the five domains of these mixed models are: (1) intrapersonal capacity (the ability to be aware and understand ones own emotions and to express ones feelings and ideas); (2) interpersonal skills (the ability to be aware, understand, and appreciate others feelings as well as to build and maintain effective and satisfying relationships with others); (3) adaptability (the ability to adapt to various situations by effectively managing personal, social, and environmental changes by employing various skills such as problem solving, reality testing, and flexibility); (4) stress management strategies (the ability to manage emotions and to use those emotions to stay motivated and persistent); and (5) motivational and general mood factors (the ability to be optimistic, to enjoy oneself and others, and to maintain positive feelings) (Bar-On et al., 2000). The Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i), a self-report measure is considered as the most widely used measure of ESI (Bar-On, 2005). The EQ-i analyzes the concept of emotional and social functioning by measuring a persons ability to deal with daily demands and pressures. People who are taking EQ-i answer questions based on five competencies: (1) intrapersonal skills such as emotional self-awareness, self-regard, self-actualization, or independence; (2) interpersonal skills such as interpersonal relationships, empathy, and social responsibility; (3) adaptability, including problem solving, flexibility, and reality testing; (4) stress management, including tolerance and impulse control; and (5) general mood of optimism and happiness. Goleman developed his mixed models theory of EI by building on the work of Salovey and Mayer, in addition to other researchers in the field (Emmerling Goleman, 2003). Basically, Golemans model of EI can be grouped into personal competencies and social competencies that affect personal success in the workplace. Goleman (2005) stated that a personal competence is the ability to keep self-awareness and manage ones behaviors while a social competence is the ability to understand the behaviors of others and manage relationships effectively. These competencies are described in detail as: (1) self-awareness (knowing ones internal states, preferences, resources, and intuitions); (2) self-management (managing ones internal states, impulses, and resources); (3) motivation (emotional tendencies that facilitate reaching goals); empathy (awareness of others feelings, needs, and concerns); and (4) social skills (adeptness at inducing desirable responses in others) (Goleman, 1998a). Based on the emotional competencies identified by Goleman (1998a), the Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI) was designed to assess EI. ECI is a 360-degree scale which gathers self, subordinate, peer, and supervisory ratings on social and emotional competencies of individuals in organizations. Subsequently, Boyatzis (2007) designed Emotional Social Competency Instrument (ESCI), a multi-rater assessment in real organizational contexts which comprised of four emotional and social competencies, which include: (1) self-awareness; (2) self-management; (3) social awareness; and (4) relationship management. In general, EI mixed models stress performance based on behavioral competencies and personality traits suitable for a wide range of work contexts, job roles, and job levels (Petrides, Furnham Martin, 2004; Goleman, 2005; Boyatzis, 2007). The mixed models are also comprised of other measurement instruments. For examples, measures such as the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test (SSEIT) (Schutte, Malouff, Hall, Haggerty, Cooper, Golden Dornheim, 1998), and Wong and Laws (2002) leadership-focused measure of EI. Many studies in the literature utilize self-report measures of EI based on mixed models perspective that incorporates both disposition and ability (Chan, 2006). According to MacCann, Matthews, Zeidner and Roberts (2003), mixed models scales vastly outnumber ability tests at the stage of EI development, meaning that EI is more commonly assessed as a disposition, rather than as an ability. Additionally, self-report or peer-report measures require less amount of time to complete and are most cost-effective than the ability based measure. 2.3.3 Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Nursing There is a large body of knowledge related to EI exists outside nursing whereas EI theory and research within nursing is scarce and a more recent phenomenon (Akerjordet Severinsson, 2007; Smith, Profetto-McGrath Cummings, 2009). Smith et al. (2009) conducted a literature review related to EI and nursing during 1995 to 2007. Smith et al. found only 21 theoretical and 9 empirical articles related to the subject and concluded that although the body of theoretical literature in nursing is growing, scientific research about EI and nursing is just beginning. Apart from that, researches that link EI and nursing are mostly correlation designs using small sample sizes. Akerjordet and Severinsson (2007) asserted that EI has significant implications for nurses quality of work in healthcare. Therefore some qualitative studies have been carried out to explore the concepts and ideas of EI in nursing (Akerjordet Severinsson, 2004; Freshwater Stickley, 2004; Kooker, Shoultz Codier, 2007; Hurley Rankin, 2008). Akerjordet and Severinsson (2004) used qualitative interviews to gain insight into mental health nurses emotional experiences in practice and sought to understand the connection between nurses articulations of emotions in practice and EI concepts. Four main themes emerged from the study, which include: (1) relationship with the patient; (2) the substance of supervision; (3) motivation; and (4) responsibility which are related to different aspects of EI. For instance, relationship with the patient which was a central research finding is linked to EI through the ability to interpret and communicate emotional information. Akerjordet and Severinsson concluded that EI implies important personal and interpersonal skills in nurses therapeutic use of self, critical reflection, and stimulates the search for a deeper understanding of professional nursing identity. In another study, Kooker et al. (2007) used the conceptual framework of EI to analyze nurses stories about their professional practices. The stories reflected evidence of EI competencies that could provide fresh insights into ways to keep nurses engaged in practice and to improve nurses retention and patient/client outcomes. The domains and competencies of EI identified across the stories include social awareness, the most common one, followed by social management, self-awareness, and lastly self-management which was represented less frequently than the other domains. In summary, EI concept is increasingly recognized and is making an appearance in nursing journals (Cadman Brewer, 2001; Evans Allen, 2002; Freshman Rubino, 2002). The literature revealed EI is important and relevant to nursing from both an empirical and a theoretical perspective. EI influences emotions within quality of care and stress management, thus influence employees retention, quality of patient care, and patient outcomes. Therefore, further research that investigates potential uses for EI theories, skills, and competencies related to nursing practice and patient care is warranted within the healthcare environment (Akerjordet Severinsson, 2007; Smith et al., 2009). 2.4 Relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and Burnout Emotional Intelligence (EI) expressed in the ability to recognize, understand, control, and utilize emotions may have impact on the perceived job stress and the consequences of experienced stress. Many empirical studies have shown that the relationship exists between EI and burnout syndrome (Reilly, 1994; Duran Extremera, 2004; Gerits, Derksen, Verbruggen Katzko, 2005; Chan, 2006; Duran, Extremera, Rey, Fernandez-Berrocal Montalban, 2006; Benson, Truskett Findlay, 2007; Rimmer, Bedwell, Bay, Drachman, Torey, Foster Caruso, 2009; Brackett, Palomera, Mojsa-Kaja, Reyes Salovey, 2010). These studies also proved that there is a negative correlation between EI and burnout syndrome. For instance, Reilly (1994) in a study of hospital nurses identified that nurses who scored higher on EI experienced fewer symptoms of burnout. Apart from that, other empirical studies have shown that the components of EI are correlated with the components of burnout (Mendes, 2002; Farmer, 2004; Palser, 2004; Potter, 2006; Froese, 2009). Farmer (2004) conducted a study to examine the relationship between EI and burnout using a sample of 169 newly graduated nursing students in practice. The results showed significant correlations which included a negative relationship between using emotions to facilitate thinking and depersonalization (DP) (r = -.240, p Palser (2004) investigated EI and burnout among ministerial workers. The researcher utilized bivariate analysis and produced two significant correlations. Firstly, an inverse relationship between emotional exhaustion (EE) and using emotions to facilitate thinking was presented among the 101 pastors sampled (r = -.25, p < .05). Secondly, a positive relationship was identified between personal accomplishment (PA) and understanding emotions (r = .21, p < .05). In another study, Froese (2009) examined whether the four abilities of EI predicted the components of burnout among 57 professional caregivers after accounting for the contribution of caregiver's demographic characteristics, which were licensure level, age, and ethnici